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Senin, 23 Mei 2011

MICROSKILLS AND MACROSKILLS OF FOUR LANGUAGE SKILLS


MICROSKILLS AND MACROSKILLS OF FOUR LANGUAGE SKILLS

A. Listening
1. Microskills
a.         Discriminate among the distinctive sounds of English.
b.         Retain chunks of language of different lengths in short term memory.
c.         Recognise English stress patterns, words in stressed and unstressed positions, rhythmic structures, intonation contourse, and their roles in signaling information.
d.        Recognise reduced forms of words.
e.         Distinguish word boundaries, recognise a core of words, and interpret word order patterns and their significance.
f.          Process speech at different rate of delivery.
g.        Process speech containing pauses, errors, corrections, and other performance variables.
h.        Recognise grammatical word classes (nouns, verb etc.) systems (e.g. tense, agreement, pluralisation), patterns, rules, and elliptiacl forms.
i.           Detect sentence constituents and distinguish between major and minor constituents.
j.           Recognise that a particular meaning may be expressed in different grammatical forms.
k.         Recognise cohesive devices in spoken discourse.

2. Macroskills
l.          Recognise the communicative functions of utterance according to situations, participants, goals.
m.       Infer situations, participants, goals using real-word knowledge.
n.        From events, ideas, and so on, describes, predict outcomes, infer links and connections between events, deduce causes and effects, and detect such relations as main idea, supporting idea, new information, given information, generalisation, and exemplification.
o.         Distinguish between literal and implied meanings.
p.         Use facial, kinesic, body language, and other nonverbal clues to decipher meanings.
q.        Develop and use a battery of listening strategies, such as detecting key words, guessing the meaning of words from context, appealing for help, and signalling comprehension or lack thereof.

B. Speaking
1. Microskills
  1. Produce differences among English phonemes and allophonic variants.
  2. Produce chunks of language of different lengths.
  3. Produce English stress patterns, words in stressed and unstressed positions, rhythmic structure, and intonation contours.
  4. Produce reduced forms of words and phrases.
  5. Use an adequate number of lexical units (words) to accomplish pragmatic purposes.
  6. Produce fluent speech at different rates of delivery.
  7. Monitor one’s own oral production and use various strategic devices – pauses, fillers, self corrections, backtracking – to enhance the clarity of the message.
  8. Use grammatical word classes (nouns, verbs etc.) systems (tense, agreement, pluralisation), word order, patterns, rules, and elliptical forms.
  9. Produce speech in natural constituents: in appropriate phrases, pause groups, breath groups, and sentence constituents.
  10. Express a particular meaning in different grammatical forms.
  11. Use cohesive devices in spoken discourse.

2. Macroskills
l.        Appropriately accomplish communicative functions according to situations, participants, and goals.
m.      Use appropriate styles, registers, implicature, redundancies, pragmatic conventions, conversation rules, floor keeping and yielding, interrupting, and other sociolinguistic features in face-to-face conversations.
n.        Convey links and connections between events and communicate such relations as focal and peripheral ideas, events and feeling, new information and given information, generalisation and exemplification.
o.        Convey facial features, kinesics, body language, and other nonverbal cues along with verbal language.
p.        Develop and use a battery of speaking strategies, such as emphasising key words, rephrasing, providing a context for interpreting the meaning of words, appealing for help, and accurately assessing how well your interlocutor is understanding you.


C. Reading
1. Microskills
a.         Discriminate among distinctive graphemes and orthographic patterns of English.
b.         Retain chuncks of language of different lengths in short term memory.
c.         Process writing at an efficient rate of speed to suit the purpose.
d.        Recognise a core of words, and interpret word order patterns and their significance.
e.         Recognise grammatical word classes (nouns, verb etc.) systems (e.g. tense, agreement, pluralisation), patterns, rules, and elliptical forms.
f.          Recognise that a particular meaning may be expressed in different grammatical forms.
g.         Recognise cohesive devices in written discourse and their role in signaling the relationship between and among clauses
h.         Recognise grammatical word classes (nouns, verb etc.) systems (e.g. tense, agreement, pluralisation), patterns, rules, and elliptical forms.

2. Macroskills
i.           Recognise the rhetorical forms of written discourse and their significance for interpretation.
j.           Recognise the communicative functions of written texts, according to form and purpose.
k.         Infer context that is not explicit by using background knowledge.
l.           From described events, ideas, etc. Infer links and connections between events, deduce causes and effects, and detect such relations as main idea, supporting idea, new information, given information, generalisation, and exemplification.
m.       Distinguish between literal and implied meanings.
n.         Detect culturally specific references and interpret them in a context of the appropriate cultural schemata.
o.         Develop and use a battery of reading strategies such as scanning and skimming, detecting discourse markers, guessing the meaning of words from context, and activating schemata for the interpretation of texts.





D. Writing
1. Microskills
a.         Produce graphemes and ortographic patterns of English.
b.         Produce writing at an efficient rate of speed to suit the purpose.
c.         Produce an acceptable core of words and use appropriate word order patterns.
d.        Use acceptable grammatical systems (e.g. tense, agreement, pluralisastion), patterns and rules.
e.         Express a particular meaning in different grammatical forms.
f.          Use cohesive devices in written discourse.

2. Macroskills
g.         Use the rhetorical forms and conventions of written discourse.
h.         Appropriately accomplish the communicative functions of written texts according to form and purpose.
i.           Convey links and connections between events,  and communicate such relations as main idea, supporting idea, new information, given information, generalisation, and exemplification.
j.           Distinguish between literal and implied meanings when writing.
k.         Correctly convey culturally specific references in the context of the written text.
l.           Develop and use a battery of writing strategies, such as accurately assessing the audience’s interpretation, using pre-writing devices, writing with fluency in the first draft, using paraphrases and synonyms, soliciting peer and instructor feedback, and using feedback for revising and editing.

Contoh Ungkapan - Ungkapan dalam Bahasa Inggris


CONTOH – CONTOH UNGKAPAN
1. DIRECTION

Could you tell me the way to the police station ?
· Can you direct me to the fruit shop ?
· How do I get to the zoo ?
· Can you tell me where the hospital is please ?
· Do you know how to get to the nearest hotel ?
· I would like to go to the petrol station. Can you tell me how to get there ?


Go straight (go down/ go up) this road until you get to a one-way street
· Keep going until you see a traffic light
· Walk along this street until you get to the round about
· Turn left or right
· Take the first left turn on the T-junction
· Make a left turn on the crossroad
2. OFFERING HELP OR THINGS (menawarkan bantuan / menawarkan sesuatu)
Untuk menawarkan bantuan, dapat digunakan ungkapan-ungkapan berikut:
- May I help you?- Can I help you?- Could I help you?
- How can I be of assistance to you?
- How can I be of help to you?
- What can I help you
- What can I do for you?- How can I assist you?- How can I help you?
- Let me help you?
- Do you want me to help you?
- Shall I …?
Cara memberi tawaran seperti menawarkan makanan atau minuman dalam bahasa Inggris lazimnya dengan menggunakan ungkapan Would you like…?, Would you care for …?, why don’t you have…?, How about having …? May I offer you …?
 Contoh:
Tawaran Respon
- Would you like some bread?                                                Yes, please.
- Would you care for some coffee?                                        No, thanks. I don’t drink coffee.
- Why don’t you have some biscuit, please?                           Thanks, I’d love to.
Jawaban untuk menerima tawaran antara lain: Yes please, Sure, Why not, Ofcourse, Certainly, I’d love to, It’s a good idea, That’s great. Untuk menolak tawaran digunakan ungkapan seperti: No, thanks, Please don’t bother, I’d love to but…, That’s great but…
3. INTRODUCING (memperkenalkan)

Memperkenalkan Dri
Memperkenalkan Orang Lain
- I’d like to introduce myself. - My I introduce myself? - Let me introduce myself!         
- I want to introduce myself
- I’d like you to meet … (nama) - This is my friend/boss/etc…(nama) - Have you met…(nama)?
- May I introduce you to …(nama/jabatan)
- Let me introduce you to ….
- I want to introduce you to ….

4. INVITING (mengundang/mengajak)
 Undangan/Ajakan
Menolak
Menerima
- let’s + V1       - Why don’t we …?      - How about…?
- I’d like to invite you to…
- Would you like to…?
- I wonder if you’d like to
- I’m sorry I can’t- I’d like to but…- I’m afraid I can’t
- No, let’s not.

- I’d love to - I’d like very much - I’d be happy/glad to
accept
- Yes, I’d be delighted to.
- That’s good ide
EXPRESSING THANKS (terimakasih)
Ungkapan
Respon
Thank youThank you very muchThanks.
Thank you very much for… (kata benda)
I’m grateful for…(kata benda/noun)
You are welcome.That’s all rightNot at all
Don’t mention it
Thet’s all right
Any time


5. CONGRATULATIONS (ucapan selamat)
Ungkapan
Respon
CongratulationsCongratulations on …I’d like to congratulate you.
I’d like to congratulate you on…
It was great to hear…
It was to hear about….
Happy birthday to you.
Happy new year.
Good luck!
Have a nice holiday
Thank youThank you and the same to youThank you. I need it.
Thank you very much.




6. SYMPATHY (menyatakan rasa simpati)

Ungkapan-ungkapan perasaan simpati atas mala petaka/musibah yang dialami orang lain diantaranya:
  • I’m sorry to hear that
  • Oh, that’s too bad.
  • How awful!
  • How terrible!
  • Poor!
PLEASURE, DISPLEASURE (senang & tidak senang)
Pleasure/senang
Displeasure/tidak senang
It’s really delightful/Iam delightedI’m satisfiedThat’s great
That’s wonderful
It’s really a great pleasure
I’m dissatisfiedWe are fed up with…I feel dosappointed
She is extremely displeased
SATISFACTION, DISSATISFACTION ( kepuasan, ketidakpuasan)
Ketika kita akan mengungkapkan kepuasan atas kerja seseorang, kita dapat gunakan ungkapan:
  • Well done!
  • Great! Good work
  • I am satisfied with your work
  • You did well
  • Your job is satisfactory
  • I am so happy about this
  • I’m glad to what you’ve done
  • It’s really satisfying
Katika kita akan mengungkapkan ketidakpuasan atas kerja seseorang, kita dapat gunakan:
  • I’m not satisfied with work
  • You haven’t done well enough
  • I am really dissappointed
  • Sorry, but your work is not satisfactory
  • Oh, no!
  • It’s not very nice
  • It’s really not good enough
7. ASKING & GIVING OPINION (meminta & memberi pendapat)
Asking Opinion
Giving opinion
How was the trip?How do you like your new house?How do you think of Rina’s idea?
How do you feel about this dicition?
What is your opinions of the movie?
What are your feelings about it?
I think (that)….In my opinion….As I see, …
If you ask me, I feel…
AGREEMENT/APPROVAL, DISAGREEMENT/DISAPPROVAL (setuju, tidak setuju)
Ketika kita merasa sependapat dengan opini orang lain, kita bisa mengatakan:
  • So do I
  • Yes, I agree with you
  • It is certainly
  • Exactly
  • That’s what I want to say
  • I am with you
  • I am on your side
Ketika kita merasa tidak sependapat dengan opini orang lain, kita bisa mengatakan:
  • Well, I don’t think so
  • I don’t think that is true
  • I disagree with …
  • I wouldn’t say that
  • Exactly not
  • I can’t say so
  • On contrary
  • I don’t buy that idea
8. FEAR, ANCIETY (ungkapan ketakutan, kegelisahan)
Fear
Respon
I am afraidI am fearedI am scared
I am terrified
The sound is horrifying
Don’t be afraidThere is nothing to be afraid ofIt is nothing
Anciety
Respon
I am worried about…I am anxious to know about…I wondered if…
That made me worried
I have been thinking about ….
I am afraid if…
Take is easyCalm downI know you are worried but…
It is not a big deal
Don’t worry
Stay cool

9. PAIN, RELIEF (ungkapan kesakitan, kelegaan)
Pain
Relief
Ouch!That was hurtIt is painful
It hurts me
I’ve got a backache/toothache/stomachache
I feel sore all over
My eyes hurt
I’m very relieved to hear…Finally, it was overI feel relieved
I feel much better
I’m glad it’s over
That’s a great relief
I’m extremely glad to hear…
Thank goodness for that
Marvellous
What a relief!

10. LIKE/LOVE & DISLIKE/HATE (suka/cinta & tidak suka/benci)
Like
Dislike
I love itI like itI am keen on it
I am crazy about it
We all enjoy
(benda/noun/gerund)…is my cup of tea
I don’t really like itI dislike itI am not really interested in…
I can’t enjoy…
(benda/noun/gerund)…is not my cup of tea
I can’t stand
I hate it

11. EMBARRASSMENT & ANNOYANCE (Ungkapan rasa malu, kejengkelan)
Embarrassment
Annoyance
I am embarrassedI feel ashamedOh my God
Shame on me
I don’t feel comfortable
I feel awkward
I am annoyedI had enough with itI can’t bear it any longer
You made me annoyed
You are such a pain in the neck
You made me sick

12. REQUEST (permintaan)
Request
Acceptance
Refusal
Would it be possible for                                                      you toWould you be so kind as toWould you…,please?
Would you mind …?
Any chance of…
Can you…?
I should be delighted to comeBy all meansI have no objection
I’d be happy to
Sure
Yeah
OK
No problem
Mmm
I regret to say that we find ourselves unable to goI’m afraid it’s not possibleI’m afraid not
Sorry
No, I won’t
Not likely
You must be joking

13. COMPLAINT, BLAME (keluhan,menyalahkan)
Complaint
Blame
I’m not at all satisfied with the serviceI really do/must objec to the serviceI take great exception to…
I want to complain about…
This is crazy!
You’re the one to blameIt’s your fault!It’s your mistake!
You’re wrong

14. REGRET, APOLOGY (penyesalan, meminta maaf)
Regret
Apology
Much to my regretSadly, I ….Unfortunately
I’m terribly sorry
I honestly regret that I …
Sorry, I …
Please accept my apologies for what I didPlease forgive me for what I didI am extremely sorry
I really must apologies
May I offer you my sincerest apologies?

15. POSSIBILITY & IMPOSSIBILITY (kemungkinan & ketidakmungkinan)
Menyatakan Kemungkinan
Menanyakan Kemungkinan
I think there is possibility to …I sassume/believe…In all probability,…
it is going to be possible for me to…
that will probably …
it’s quite possible …
Do you think he/it could…?Would you say we’re capable of…?Are you capable of…?
Are you able to…?
Do you have any experience of…?
Can you…?
Do you know how to…?
Do you think you can…?